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BENEFITS OF INTERNET TO THE SOCIETY The internet plays a major role in the society in the following application areas: 1.      EDUCATION/ E-LEANING: With the internet, people can get educational materials and read them in preparation for examinations or use them for school assignments. The internet also enhances electronic learning whereby courses or subjects are taught online using audio and visual materials. 2.      E-REGISTRATION: The internet provides users with facilities for online registration for examination like WAEC, NECO, and JAMB etc.

SOME INTERNET TERMS AND ACRONYMS INTERNET: International Network E-MAIL: Electronic Mail ID: stands for Identification. This is the column where one will be asked to enter your personal ID before you can use the E-mail software. This ID could be your name, numbers, alphabet, alphanumeric etc, where no two people can have the same ID. PASSWORD: This is the secret number or letters which is known by the user alone. This password gives you access to open your E-mail box, only you for security purpose should know this password. CHATTING: Chatting via net allows people who are on the computer network simultaneously to hold live interactive conversation. One can only chat one on one conversation when one happens to sign in at the same time.

THEORY OF INTERNET           The term internet which is simply called THE NET is a network of all networks that any person, who is connected online, gets easy information. It can also be defined as the interconnectivity of computers that are connected via telephone cables and satellite links around the world. It is a network that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.            It was founded by the advanced research project Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.A in the year 1969 which was recognized as ARPANET with the aim of new research information.

NETWORKING DEVICES   They are devices that aid connection and communication. The common network devices are: The hub, the network interface card, the switch, the router, the modem 1.      THE HUB: A hub is a device that connects all other devices in a star net work together. 2.      MODEMS: A modem is an acronym that stands for Modulator/Demodulator. It is a device that can convert digital data to an analogue data and vice versa. 3.      SWITCHES: A switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of network device to the specific device that is the destination of the data.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY         In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES ARE: ·   Star topology ·   Bus topology ·   Ring topology ·   STAR TOPOLOGY: In a star topology network, the network devices are connected to a central point like a star. The central point may be a hub, a switch or router. All the individual network devices communicate with the central point. ·   BUS TOPOLOGY: Bus network topology uses a common back bone (a cable) to connect all devices. The back bone is a shared communication medium that all devices are attached or connected.

THEORY OF COMPUTER NETWORKING NETWORKING: It can be defined as a group of computer and associated devices that are connected by communication devices such as telephone line, cable and modem.       A modem is a communication device responsible for the transmission of digital signals into analogue signal and vice versa. It is also a group of computer joined together with a commercial link.   COMPUTER NETWORKING: This is the inter-connection of group of computers so that they can easily share resources (information) such as document and printer together.

ICT-BASED GADGETS ICT-based gadgets are basically devices used for information and communication technology. Some of the ICT-based gadgets are: 1.      MOBILE PHONE : A mobile phone is an electronic handheld device used to make mobile telephone calls common manufactures of mobile phones are MOTOROLAR, SAMSUNG, BLACKBERRY, e t c 2.      COMPUTERS: A computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data.   Computers come in various types: some common computer types are:

APPLICATIONS OF ICT 1.      TELECONFERENCING: Teleconferencing is a telephone meeting among two or more people using ICT. The message can be audio or video. It can be in form of the live- voice communication or voice massages or data and graphics over a telephone. 2.      VIDEO CONFERENCING: Video conferencing or video conference (also known as a video teleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more people in different location to interact via two way video and audio transmission simultaneously.

I.C.T What is I.C.T?           I.C.T is an acronym that stands for information and communication technology. I.C.T covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, send or receive information electronically in a digital form.      Products of I.C.T includes: Personal computers (PC), digital television, e-mail, robots etc. TYPES OF I.C.T 1.        Broadcasting 2.        Telecommunications 3.        Data networks 4.        Information systems 5.        Satellite communication BROADCASTING   It is the distribution of audio and video content in a dispersed audience through a medium such as radio, television etc.

COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL BODIES IN NIGERIA 1.      NIGERIA COMPUTER SOCIETY (NCS): This association monitors the entire professional activities in the country. 2.      INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS): They educate people on management information system course and also issue foreign certificates to those people. 3.      COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (CPRN): They register any computer professional that wants to join computer society/ group.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL 1.   COMPUTER MANAGER ·    Good computer manager should have ability to control, coordinate and manage things. ·    He/ She must be a computer literate. ·    He/She should be versatile in computer field. ·    He/She should be able to make good decisions. 2.   COMPUTER SCIENTIST ·    Good computer scientist should understand computer and what computer can do. ·    He/She should be able to give good advice on how to set up a computer business. ·    He/She should be able to repair and maintain computer. ·    He/She should be able to choose good computers for use.

COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS/PEOPLE WARE Computer professionals are the people that specialized in using computer to do one thing or the other. They are people who made use of computer. Computer professionals undergo serious training in their field of study, so that he or she will master its field and become professional in the field. Some of the computer professionals are. 1.                   COMPUTER MANAGER Computer manager is someone that specialized in the control and management of computer business. Computer manager makes decisions on how a particular job should be done.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN WRITING PROGRAMS 1.               Do not rush. Be careful, stable and patience when writing programs. 2.               No step should be skipped. 3.               The order of execution must be followed sequentially. STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

COMPUTER PROGRAM

APPLICATION SOFTWARE   These are software written to perform specific functions. The application software is written to solve particular problem. Application software can also be referred to as an application package. They may be written by commercial software manufacturers or could be produced by in-house programmers. Software packages are pre-written, pre-coded and commercially available set of programs for general use. TYPES OF APPLICATION PACKAGES We have different types of application packages, they are: 1.              WORD PROCESSING PACKAGE :   These are software used for word processing (typing). They can be called word processors.

COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES NO. MACHINE LANGUAGES LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 1 It is directly understood by the hardware It is not directly understood by the hardware It is not directly understood by the hardware 2 It is most difficult to understand, since it’s written in binary. It is less difficult than machine language It is easier to understand compared to low level language and machine language 3 It offers the best performance since it is directly executed by the computer. It is equally fast but not as fast as machine language. It is slower in performance compared to low

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS A language translator is software that converts programs written in a source code into an object code that a computer understands. Translators as the name of suggest, translate human codes to a language understand by the computers. Translators require a programming language for their translation.         Examples of high level programming languages that requires translators are: BASIC (Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction codes), FORTRAN (Formula Translator), COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), PASCAL . Etc. TYPES OF LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS     Types of language translators they are:

UTILITY SOFTWARE            They are used for general house-keeping functions of the computer such as backing up files, repairing the computer, copying, sorting and printing of data. Examples of utility software are:

MICROSOFT WINDOWS (MICROSOFT WINDOWS AS AN OPERATING SYSTEM) A widow is a rectangular area on the desktop through which a program can receive input and also allow the user and the program to interact.                 VERSIONS OF MS WINDOWS ARE: Windows 95,Windows 98, windows 2000, windows XP {Experience}windows ME {Millennium Edition},Windows NT {New technology}, windows vista, wi8ndows 7, windows 8 etc Note that Ms Windows is based on the technology of the graphical user interface {GUI} this simply means that all the operations on file directories and disk commands are used by means of icons, tools menu. GUI is the technology of working with the computer system by using pictures instead of issuing commands to the computer by typing them on the key board; you can simply perform some actions on graphic using the mouse. ADVANTAGES OF MS WINDOWS ·         An MS window allows the user to run more than one program {Application} at a time.

OPERATING SYSTEM This is software responsible for controlling the allocation and usage of hardware resources in the computer system. It is a program that allows the computer to function and also allow the user to interact with the computer. It is the first program that must be load into the computer memory before application software can be run. It is the program which serves as a link between the computer and its user. Operating system is an example of system software. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1.      It allows the user to create files, store file, run and link program 2.      It also allows the user to access printer and other peripherals.

SOFTWARE These are computer components that you cannot touch, feel or see. It is the program material instruction that tells the system unit (C.P.U) what to do and how to do it at any point in time or interval. We cannot touch these programs unlike the hardware which we can touch and see. They are written programs designed to meet the essential needs of the user. It can also be seen as a package that enables the system to manipulate effectively. These instructions are written in a language that the computer can understand and the language is called MACHINE LANGUAGE . Computer software consists of step-by-step instructions arranged in a structured sequence to control and co-ordinate the operations of computer hardware components.   Computer cannot work without software. These step-by-step instructions are called PROGRAMS. The art of writing program is called PROGRAMMING and those that specialize in the job are called PROGRAMMERS. Programs are usually stored in the storage

UNITS OF STORAGE Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components, device and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core function of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers. Computer understands “0”s and “1” which are referred to as binary. The “0” stands for “off” meaning an electrically discharge state while “1” stands for “on” meaning an electrically charged state. We have various units of storage, they are as follows: BITS

STORAGE DEVICES These are devices used to store data, information and programs. They are non- volatile and higher storage capacity. They are also referred to as backup storage. Examples of storage devices are: ·   Flash drive ·   Floppy disk ·   Hard disk ·   Memory card ·   Compact disk(CD) ·   Digital video (DVD) etc.

                                       OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES They are devices used for sending, transferring or entering data into the computer system. It is where human readable language is converted to computer readable language.    But INPUT is the process of sending, transferring and entering data into the computer system. Examples of input devices are: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, Trackball, Light pen, Digital camera etc THE KEYBOARD This is one of the input devices used for entering or keying data into the computer system.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER There are two basic elements of computer, they are: Hardware and Software HARDWARE:

USES OF COMPUTER IN THE SOCIETY Computer is applied in Society in many ways: 1.      DOCUMENTATON: computer is used in offices, homes, for typing letters, reports, CV s etc. 2.      DATA COMMUNICATION: With computer, one can transfer data from one person to another or from one computer to another through Network.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER Computer can be classified based on the following ways: 1.      Computer type by different generation 2.      Computer type by size 3.      Computer type by device or kind of signal and data processed or mode of operation. 4.      Computer type by purpose 1.      CLASSIFICATION   BASED ON GENERATION   OF COMPUTER There are various generations of computer that has been recorded. Five generations of computer have been produced between 1946 to date. The generations and some of their features are:

COMPUTING DEVICES II, FROM 20 TH CENTURY TO DATE Computing devices from the 20 th century to date includes : ENIAC   This means Electronic numerical integrator and calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors John Mauchly and prosper Eckert. T. who got funding from the war department after would replace all the “computers”

WHY CALL A COMPUTER A “SYSTEM” It is observed that in most cases people tend to call a computer “system”. Well this is not strange to hear that a computer can be called a system, but my reason for making this write up is because most people who mention the name

Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory or oration ) is the process or act of performing a presentation (a speech ) focused around an individual direct speech to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or entertain them. Public speaking is commonly understood as the formal, face-to-face talking of a single person to a group of listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter is more often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public speaking is to persuade the audience. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as " who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects ?". The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivate people to act, to simply telling a story . Good orators should not only be able to engage their audience, but also be able to read them. The